ABSTRACTS

Abstracts are sorted by principal author's name. Full paper can be loaded from the title link.

Different algebras for one reality, José B. Almeida

The most familiar formalism for the description of geometry applicable to physics comprises operations among 4-component vectors and complex real numbers; few people realize that this formalism has indeed 32 degrees of freedom and can thus be called 32-dimensional. We will revise this formalism and we will briefly show that it is best accommodated in the Clifford or geometric algebra G_1,3 ´ C the algebra of 4-dimensional spacetime over the complex field. We will then explore other algebras isomorphic to that one, namely G_2,3, G_1,4 and Q ´ Q ´ C, all of which have been used in the past by PIRT participants to formulate their respective approaches to physics. G_2,3 is the algebra of 3-space with two time dimensions, which John Carroll used implicitly in his formulation of electromagnetism in 3 + 3 spacetime, G_1,4 was and it still is used by myself in a tentative to unify the formulation of physics and Q ´ Q ´ C is the choice of Peter Rowlands for his nilpotent formulation of quantum mechanics. We will show how the equations can be converted among isomorphic algebras and we also examine how the monogenic functions that I use are equivalent in many ways to Peter Rowlands nilpotent entities.

Quantum mechanics for three Dirac equations in a curved spacetime, Mayeul Arminjon and Frank Reifler

We consider three versions of the Dirac equation in a curved spacetime: the standard (Dirac-Fock-Weyl or DFW) equation, and two alternative versions. Both of these alternative versions are based on the recently proposed tensor representation of the Dirac field (TRD), that considers the Dirac wave function as a spacetime vector and the set of the Dirac matrices as a third-order tensor [1-3]. These three equations differ also in the covariant derivative D_µ. A common tool for the study is the Bargmann-Pauli hermitizing matrix A. Having the current conservation for any solution of the Dirac equation gives an equation to be satisfied by the fields (g ^m, A), with g ^m the Dirac matrices. This condition is always verified for DFW with its restricted choice for the field g ^m. It similarly restricts the choice of the field g ^m for TRD. However, this restriction can be achieved. A positive definite scalar product is defined and a hermiticity condition for the Dirac Hamiltonian is derived for a general coordinate system with minor restrictions, in a general curved spacetime. For DFW, the hermiticity of the Dirac Hamiltonian is not preserved under all admissible changes of the fields  (g ^m, A).

Relativity, the surge and a Third Scientific Revolution, James E. Beichler

Quantum theory emerged the victor of the last Scientific Revolution even though relativity theory had a more progressive view of reality to offer science. As a result, the physical aspects and properties of the gravitational field were never fully explored or exploited and science went through several decades of denial concerning the relevance of general relativity and its physical implications. The only small victory that relativity theory could claim before the 1960s was in cosmology with the expanding universe. The victory was small because the expanding universe was far from the everyday needs of a science more concerned with the atom and the nucleus. Under these circumstances, the theory of relativity had no practical applications in the everyday real world, so its theoretical implications were largely ignored. However, the 1970s brought something of a resurgence of good fortunes and everyday relevance for relativity theory and quantum theorists finally accepted the possibility that unification was the primary goal of physics, albeit a unification based upon the quantum concept of discrete particles rather than the Einsteinian concept of field continuity: According to quantum field theory, the gravity field could be reduced to an exchange of gravitons. But what at first seemed a resurgence of general relativity under the quantum paradigm in the 1970s has slowly evolved into a surge of physical relevance resulting in the emergence of general relativity as a dominating field of research in physics. And the story does not end there. The recent discoveries of Dark Matter and Dark Energy are about to push physics and relativity theory into a Third Scientific Revolution in which a unification with the quantum will be made on relativity’s terms. The quantum will not emerge out of the mathematics as a constraint on the continuous field as Einstein had hoped, but it will emerge as a field constant that limits the continuous field as described by general relativity.

The Fundamental Nature of Relativity, James E. Beichler

While the confirmed existence of Dark Matter (DM) and Dark Energy (DE) forms a serious and indeed revolutionary problem for physics, they are actually easy to explain if the reality of a fourth macroscopically extended spatial dimension is assumed. The four-dimensionality of space is best portrayed in the case of galactic formation in the early universe, where the DM halo that surrounds spiral galaxies can be modeled. DM is nothing more than spatial curvature in the higher fourth dimension that is not associated with local matter (matter inside the spiral galaxy itself), but is instead the result of an interaction between local matter and the overall curvature of the universe. This model yields a definition of DE that also depends on curvature in the fourth dimension in that it predicts the increasing expansion rate of the universe. The model is strictly geometrical and it does not readily reduce to a simple algebraic formula. Yet the geometry does lead to testable predictions rendering the model falsifiable and a classical algebraic formula that adequately describes the gravitational source of the DM in the geometry of the fourth dimension does emerge upon further consideration of how galaxies evolve by the accretion of material bodies gravitating toward the central core. This formula can also be quantized and relativized and thus leads to a complete unification of physics that once again establish the fundamental nature of relativity.

Decoupling the metric, Roger Brewis

The tensor calculus of general relativity provides a mathematical structure that is elegant, and permits a unified metric for both light and what has been called ‘ponderable matter’. The unification of light and matter in the gravitational mathematics mirrors the separate unification in quantum mechanics through the duality model.
The most accessible metric is that of Schwarzschild, which has been successful in a range of ‘key predictions’. It includes an anisotropy in that the radial component differs from the tangential components. An examination of the metric suggests that, at least in relation to the accepted key predictions of general relativity, a theoretical decoupling of the individual elements of the metric would still be in keeping with observation.
The abandonment of a unified mathematical structure for light and matter would be a serious step, but appears to open up the option of simple hydrodynamic interpretations for gravitational and other phenomena, and this will be considered in a companion paper.
There is some theoretical backing for such a move in the geometric algebra calculations of Doran at Cambridge, which suggest a revised black hole event horizon that is compatible with an isotropic metric.

A hydrodynamic interpretation, Roger Brewis

Hydrodynamic explanations for gravitational and other phenomena have a long history. Madelung and Korn are generally cited, but the approach is also seen in the extensive examination of magnetism by Maxwell in 1861.
In a companion paper I have suggested that it is possible to decouple the elements of the Schwarzschild metric, and thereby eliminate the anisotropy in general relativity that is otherwise problematic for hydrodynamic interpretations. That anisotropy is a complicating factor in many attempts at physical interpretation of relativity, and also in relation to the unification of physics theories.
The hydrodynamic interpretation now suggested invokes a vortex-ring particle, as popularised by Kelvin, that is in constant vibration. These vibrations provide a physical basis for the Bohr equation for emission frequency and the quantum well model. Work at DAMTP in Cambridge suggests that vortices can be self-organising.
The vibrations thereby transmitted obey the general requirement of the inverse square law, but require a non-linear element in order to create a motive force on other vortex ring particles. That non-linearity suggests explanations for a range of gravitational anomalies.
Additionally, there are clear parallels between the Schrödinger equation and the Navier-Stokes equation of hydrodynamics, permitting a physical interpretation of Schrödinger’s ψ. Geometric algebra, which has been shown to be so useful in quantum mechanics by Rowlands at Liverpool and in gravitational relativity by Doran and colleagues at Cambridge, and which was used in earlier forms in the nineteenth century for both hydrodynamics and electromagnetism, becomes a strong candidate for the mathematical unification of physics.

Conformal invariance and anisotropic propagation of light in special relativity, Georgy I. Burde

When conformal invariance was first introduced into physics by Cunningham and Bateman [1], it became clear that there could be a new Special Relativity, with a space-time such that its metric is invariant under the conformal group. The interest in conformal symmetry reappeared several times since then and the extended relativity theories which allow the invariance with respect to conformal transformations of the metric have been introduced in different physical contexts.
Usually, when the conformal symmetry of Minkowski’s space is used instead of Poincare’s symmetry, the assumption that the form of the metric changes by a conformal factor is imposed like as it is assumed in ordinary Special Relativity that the metric does not change. In the present paper, we show that the conformal invariance of the metric arises naturally in special relativity with anisotropic propagation of light. The assumption of the light speed anisotropy together with the group property for the transformations between inertial frames and the correspondence principle (correspondence of the space coordinate transformations to the Galilean transformations in the limit of small velocities is meant) inevitably leads to the transformations which do not leave the interval between two events invariant but change it by a conformal (scale) factor. It should be also noted that the coordinates normal to the direction of relative motion are also subject to the scale transformations so that the assumption commonly used in similar derivations that those coordinates do not transform may be not valid here. To derive the transformations between different inertial frames the Lie group theory apparatus is used and the two variants of the theory are developed. In one variant, the light anisotropy is treated as the basic nature law so that the anisotropy parameter is assumed to be the same in all inertial frames. In another variant, the anisotropy is considered to be a result of motion with respect to a preferred frame, in which the speed of light is isotropic, and relation of the anisotropy parameter to the velocity with respect to a preferred frame is obtained.
The transformations derived within this framework differ from the "generalized" Lorentz transformations which have been repeatedly derived and discussed in the literature in the context of the light speed anisotropy (see, e.g., [2]). Those derivations may differ in the first principles used (although the round-trip light principle and the linearity assumption are commonly present) but the resulting transformations are, in fact, those obtained from the Lorentz transformations by a change of space-time coordinates from "standard" to "non-standard" synchronization (see, e.g., [3]). However, such generalized Lorentz transformations are inconsistent in that they do not turn into Galilean transformations in the limit of small velocities but contain additional terms including the synchronization parameter and light speed { it is evident that there is no place for the issues of synchronization and light speed in the framework of the Galilean kinematics.

Which special relativity theory is correct – Einstein’s or Lorentz’s ?, Tony J. Carey

An analysis is given of the spectral observations of stellar object SS 433 which interprets its transverse Doppler shift in term of Lorentz’s ether-based theory of relativity rather than Einstein’s special relativity theory. A Lorentz based prediction is made that pulsars will show a second order Doppler effect in the form of an annual cycle with an amplitude of approximately 1 part in 100 million and with maximum and minimum values around the times of the winter & summer solstices respectively. Some possible qualitative consequences of a Lorentz based approach to general relativity are discussed.

A relativistic wave-particle based on Maxwell’s equations: part II, John Carroll and Joseph Beals

At PIRT 2006, a speculative concept of a photon-like solution to Maxwell’s classical equations was presented in which helically rotating solutions appeared to have properties that are typically associated with photons. Since that time, our understanding of these solutions has increased and the previous work has to be modified. This paper will present a digest of the latest results that enables us to clarify past work and review new experimental evidence for the theory.

Measuring a One Way Light Speed, John Carroll    

A novel method of measuring measuring a one way light speed (OWLS) is proposed using standard equipment of frequency generators, laser pulse generators and oscilloscopes with periodic pulses going from A to B and also from B to A. The method can then inform B how long it has taken light pulses to reach B’s laboratory from A and similarly A can establish how long the pulses have taken to come from B. The method is based on experimental work that actually used a very similar method to measure the relative speeds of  photons and classical pulses. It is expected that with classical optical pulses, the method could measure the one way velocity to an accuracy better than 1 part in 10⁶.

The origin of the famous, pure 1/f noise is explained as an effect of the zero-point field acting on the free electrons of the conduction current, Leonardo Bosi, Giancarlo Cavalleri, Francesco Barbero, and Ernesto Tonni, Gianfranco Spavieri

The introduction of the ZPF leads to a probability density p₀(v) (where v is the electron speed) similar to the Fermi-Dirac distribution, and to a correlation function C_G(t) of the conductance G, which, in a small, unique v interval ±v (where the electrons are at the threshold of runaways) decays as t  ^–e  with 0.003 £ e £ 0.007. The corresponding power spectral density turns out to be S_G(f) = G²a_e N ^–1 (2p t_m)^e f ^e–1, where f is the frequency, N the total number of electrons in the considered sample, t_m the information transmission time, and a_e  a dimensionless quantity depending on electron number density N. For the purest semiconductors, a_e  that turns out to be in excellent agreement with the experimental data vs N. The above result also holds for a finite sample because the electron diffusion in the small dv is much more rapid than the drift velocity.

Review of Stochastic Electrodynamics, with and without spin, Leonardo Bosi, Giancarlo Cavalleri, Francesco Barbero, and Ernesto Tonni, Gianfranco Spavieri

Stochastic electrodynamics (SED) without spin, denoted as pure SED, is based on the introduction of the nonrenormalized , stochastic zero-point field (ZPF). It explains some aspects of quantum mechanics (QM), but has four fundamental drawbacks that make it untenable. All the drawbacks are overcome by SED with spin, that allows the derivation of the ZPF and of the Schroedinger equation when the ZPF is not modified, at frequencies smaller than plasma's, because of boundary conditions. In presence of a conducting wall with two slits, an experiment is proposed which could discriminate between QM and SED with spin. In fact, in the case of an electron beam focused on a single slit, no interference pattern due to the other slit is predicted by QM, differently than by SED with spin.

What is the phenomenon that keeps an infinite memory for the fluctuactions in the conduction current, Leonardo Bosi, Giancarlo Cavalleri, Francesco Barbero, and Ernesto Tonni, Gianfranco Spavieri

If the electron acceleration aZPF due to the nonrenormalized zero-point field (ZPF) of stochastic electrodynamics (SED) is introduced in the Fokker-Planck equation accounting for electron-electron acceleration (e – e FP), there is always a small interval dv of speed v starting from v₁ where the two collision frequencies n₁(v) and n₂(v) appearing in the e – e FP are both proportional to 1/v, corresponding to the threshold of runaways. Both diffusion and drift in the v space almost vanish in the small dv where n₂(v) = Bn₁(v) = BK/v. The Green's solution p₀(v,t | v₁) [or a pimple on p₀(v,t ® ¥) is almost crystallized, being µ t ^–e  with 0.003 £ e £ 0.007. There is therefore a process of reconstruction of a fluctuaction occurring in dv, and that fluctuaction decays with a power law with such a small exponent that its memory is practically infinite.

On Theoretical Contradictions and Physical Misconceptions in the General Theory of Relativity, Stephen J. Crothers

It is demonstrated herein that:
1. The quantity ‘r’ appearing in the so-called “Schwarzschild solution” is neither a distance nor a geodesic radius in the manifold but is in fact the inverse square root of the Gaussian curvature of the spatial section and does not generally determine the geodesic radial distance (the proper radius) from the centre of spherical symmetry of a 3-D spherically symmetric metric manifold.
2. The Theory of Relativity forbids the existence of point-mass singularities because they imply in_nite energies (or equivalently, that a material body can acquire the speed of light in vacuo);
3. Ric = R_mn = 0 violates Einstein's `Principle of Equivalence' and so does not describe Einstein's gravitational field;
4. Einstein's conceptions of the conservation and localisation of gravitational energy are invalid;
5. The concepts of black holes and their interactions are ill-conceived;
6. Expansion of the Universe and Big bang cosmology are inconsistent General Relativity.

Taking RELATIVITY back from Principles to Physical Processes, Albrecht Giese

The “new” understanding of physics in the 20^th century was based on principles, symmetries, and abstractions, rather than referring to physical processes.
Einstein initiated this way by replacing Lorentz’ physical understanding of the contraction of fields (causing the contraction of objects) by the abstract contraction of ‘space’, adding to it the dilation of ‘time’ in order to fulfil the Relativity Principle, which became the basis for his understanding of the physical world. Many physicists look upon Einstein’s way to geometrize physics as an outcome of his genius. But more likely, this was just the path into a dead end in physics.
For quantum mechanics something similar was done. QM can, according to the (still dominating) Copenhagen interpretation, not be visualized but only mathematically treated in a formal way referring also to certain principles and symmetries. Heisenberg made the acceptance of this view to a precondition for a successful physicist.
The fact that the physical world since 40 years faces the conflict between relativity (here GR) and quantum mechanics, under the heading Quantum Gravity, without any cognizable first sign of a solution, may be a consequence of these settings.
If we take relativity back to the physical path, using the approach of Lorentz for contraction and the detection of the Zitterbewegung by Dirac and Schrödinger to understand time dilation, then we not only find an easier understanding of special relativity, but also learn a lot about particle physics.
As further consequences, we understand the origin of mass (no need for a Higgs, which will not be detected) and learn, that gravity is not the force no. 4, but a side effect of other forces causing reflection processes to basic particles. And this also abolishes the problem of Quantum Gravity.
I want to point out that the results listed above are not merely philosophical ideas but provide correct quantitative results regarding special relativity, gravity, and particle mass.

Solutions of a Cosmological Schrödinger Equation for Exact Gravitational Waves based on a Friedman Dust Universe with Einstein’s Lambda, James G. Gilson

In an earlier paper, it was shown that the cosmological model that was introduced in a sequence of three earlier papers under the title A Dust Universe Solution to the Dark Energy Problem, originally described by the Friedman equations, can be expressed as a solution to a non-linear Schrödinger equation. In this paper, a large collection of solutions to this Schrödinger equation are found and discussed in the context of relaxing the uniform mass density condition usually employed in cosmology theory. The surprising result is obtained that this non-linear equation can have its many solutions linearly superposed to obtain solution of the cosmology theory problem of great generality and applicability.

Time machine in space with dipole anisotropy, Vladimir O. Gladyshev

Discussed last discovery of anisotropy of relict radiation allows look at the problem of existing a device which can change course of physical processes….

Time is the other name of space – A philosophical, a physical and a mathematical space-time, Bernard Guy

Time does not exist: there is no mysterious substance that would flow everywhere but that one would never see. Time does not flow. Time does not exist alone, time is relation. But space that matters is also relation. It is thus necessary to think time as a non separable way to think space, as relativity theory already implicitly invites us to say. Some consequences of this approach are outlined on a general standpoint and on the point of view of the equations. The difficulty in seizing this point of view puts the mind in front of an epistemological circle, the (provisional) stop of which requires a renouncement of thought: thought is not founded on itself; we cannot avoid sometime to show something of the reality external to thought, and to allot to it some qualities that we are not “sure” of (cf. the postulate of the constancy of light speed). One retrieves the concepts of uncompleteness, uncertainty, undecidable propositions, withdrawal of foundations etc. which are a general characteristic of the contemporary scientific and philosophical thought. Pascal already said in his “Pensées”: “whatever the end at which we were aiming in order to stop and rest, it escapes, slips from our grasp and flees for an eternal run ". But does one think time better today?

Spacetime Torque as a Universal Parameter for Cosmogenesis, Nassim Haramein, E.A. Rauscher, Michael Hyson

We present a first order approximation scaling law for all organized matter in which spacetime torque is computed and plotted against the radius of the system utilizing the Haramein-Rauscher metric approach.  The scaling law approximates the torque necessary to produce the angular momentum of a system from atomic structure to astrophysical objects such as stars, galaxies and the universe.  Further we demonstrate that the 1.3 Fermi proton data point can be treated as the horizon of a mini black hole giving a semi-classical solution correctly predicting the measured value of the nucleonic emission.  Dark matter and dark energy are discussed in the context of these findings as well as the source of the anomalous magnetic and angular moment.

A New Case for Direct Action, Michael Ibison

In this talk I will try to argue that the direct action version of electromagnetism is deserving of further scrutiny, hitherto having been unfairly maligned and prematurely discarded. I will offer novel solutions to two of the problems that have thwarted the theory, namely (i) It did not fulfill its initial promise of avoiding the problem of infinite (Coulomb) self-action and self-energy in the Maxwell theory of the classical point charge; and (ii) It was found that the cosmological boundary condition identified by Wheeler and Feynman as necessary in order to explain the predominance of retarded radiation could not be met by any reasonable cosmology.
A third obstacle has been purely philosophical and may be more difficult to counter: spacetime is traditionally conceived as a pre-existing canvas ‘in which things exist and events take place’, and which is therefore logically prior to those ‘things and events’. In direct action however, spatio-temporal location appears only as a quality of ‘things and events’, in the same sense that electric charge is a quality of an electron, and green is a quality of an apple. In direct action the spacetime continuum has only the status of a mental construction - a chart of possible quality-values.
But the traditional conception of spacetime forces us to adopt theories that involve addition, subtraction, and multiplication of infinities in order to get a finite result. They demand that the spacetime canvas be filled with infinite energies (of either sign), requiring an implausible cancellation of infinities to get the observed Cosmological Constant, an infinite mass renormalization, and an infinite dimensional Fock space - just to describe radiation from a single H atom.
I suggest that the price of all of this is too high and therefore that direct action deserves a second look. And I believe that William of Ockham would agree.

Nuclear Structure from Naïve Meson Theory, part 1, Christopher Illert

In 1958 R.B. Leighton lamented “… on the one hand, no one seriously doubts that the meson theory is at least qualitatively correct, but on the other hand, not a single quantity has yet been calculated and measured with sufficient accuracy to constitute a convincing confirmation of its quantitative correctness”. The 50th anniversary of this statement is an appropriate occasion to review progress in understanding meson theory and nuclear structure – a topic that epitomizes Relativistic concepts by encompassing the quickest and most energetic of all processes, with mass and energy being routinely inter-convertible, and nuclear binding-energies directly calculated from “missing mass” by means of Einstein’s famous formula E =mc².
On a philosophical level, Relativity can be about viewing the world from different frames of reference – what would the world look like if we could ride a beam of light? In like vein we could ask what nuclear processes and structures would look like from the relativistic frame of reference of, say, a meson? Processes that take say 10-22 seconds in our macro-worldview, would represent an eternity for some highly accelerated and shortlived elementary particles. Mesonic currents flowing between nucleons would seem steady and eternal, instead of so brief that we in the big world can only think of them in terms of probability and uncertainty.
This paper argues that nuclear processes, and nuclear structure itself, becomes almost trivially Newtonian from the frame of reference of mesonic currents, providing an unexpectedly simple “ball and stick” type general solution to the N-body problem in nuclear physics (similar to molecular structures in chemistry), universally enabling nuclear binding energies to be calculated to a few significant figures using little more than mental arithmetic based upon intuitive circuit diagrams. This is in stark contrast to the horrendously complex supercomputer computations, based on wave mechanics, which basically don’t work and are still struggling with the mere Three Body (“Borromeo”) problem that may be insoluble in principle.
This paper offers the first real (albeit approximate) general solution to the N-body problem in nuclear physics, accounting for exotic halo and super-deformed nuclear states as well as nuclear shells, in terms of a new system of mesonic circuit diagrams that are to nuclear physics what the Feynman diagrams are to quantum electrodynamics. Doing nuclear binding energy calculations from a relativistic meson’s frame of reference is no more mysterious than using logarithms to turn multiplications into additions.

The scheme of laboratory measurements of gravimagnetic effects with SHeQUID supplied  by  the  rotation flux  transformer, A.I. Golovashkin, G.N. Izmaїlov*†, V.V. Ozolin*, A.M. Tzhovrebov and L.N. Zherikhina

The necessity of Lense-Thirring effect measurement accuracy increasing, registration of a tiny rotation transfer or some cosmological problems such as the birth of vortex fluctuactions require improving of experimental installation precision. The experimental circuit of Superfluid Helium Quantum Interference Devise (SHeQUID) with the transformer of the angular moment stream, working medium of which is a superfluid liquid He⁴ is suggested. The scheme is provided to measure Lense-Thirring effect in laboratory conditions and other effects corresponding with super slow rotations.

Dynamic Universe and the Conception of Reality, Tarja Kallio-Tamminen

From ancient times both philosophy and science have aimed to understand the nature of reality. The conception of reality has evolved by undergoing deep changes whenever natural science has found new invariances and interconnections in nature, which enabled the handling of a wider variety of phenomena under one and same mathematical formalism. The historical process has characteristically focused on the examination of the interrelations between substance, motion, space and time but the final hierarchy of these perennial concepts has not been decided yet.
Extended debate on natural philosophy started in antiquity with the general outcome that reality was comparable to an organism. The outlook was overturned at the times of Kepler, Galilei and Newton when rapid development took place in natural research. The world was seen as a huge clockwork until the beginning of 20^th century when quantum physics and relativity theory were born. Modern physics challenged the previous metaphysical presuppositions and obscured the common world view. Time became connected to space and the idea of reducing everything to solid material particles was implausible because of their non-local properties.
There is a demand for a new conception of reality but very few vote for a profound paradigm change to take place. The trials to unify quantum mechanics and relativity theory lead to complicated and highly abstract mathematics which is impossible to conceive in common terms. Tuomo Suntola’s Dynamic universe –theory, however, is a good candidate for a new theoretical framework. Suntola gives a plausible model of reality whose scope and profound simplicity surpasses the capacity of present theories. Moreover the theory is pregnant with fundamental metaphysical implications.
In Suntola’s theory the totality of mass is a fundamental invariant which links everything together. Through energy excitation mass determines the motion, size and time development of space, and regulates all local structures in space. The new arrangement of the basic concepts allows a revealing perspective to history. Why Newton had to equal inertial mass and gravitational mass and what Einstein’s famous formula of equality between mass and energy actually means? This paper focuses on the relation between mass and energy in the DU theory and clarifies how it provides a natural basis for the human conception of irreversible absolute time, which is excluded in present theory structures.

INVARIANCE OF THE SCALES OF LENGTH, TIME AND MASS, D.L. Khokhlov

Invariance of the scales of length, time and mass is underpinning the building of physics. Newtonian mechanics is based on Galilean invariance of the scales of length, time and mass. On the contrary, special relativity [1] brings in Lorentz invariance which preserves the phase of electromagnetic wave but does not the scales of length, time and mass. In special relativity there are  two different sets of scales, the apparent and proper ones, related with the Lorentz transformation. Special relativity [2] is based on the tacit assumption that the proper scales of length, time and mass in all inertial frames are identical (invariant). To ensure identity (invariance) of the proper scales of length, time and mass in all inertial frames it is necessary to connect them with the Galilei transformation that gives rise to controversy. We shall consider an  interpretation of special relativity to bring in Galilean invariance of the scales of length, time and mass.
Quantum mechanics [3] treats electromagnetic wave as a bunch of photons which have dual particle-wave nature. We shall consider the photon as a massless particle with the electromagnetic wave being associated with a single photon. Within the framework of quantum mechanics the wave is defined instantaneously in the whole space at a given time. When treating electromagnetic wave in this way, explanation of the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment is rather trivial and does not need Lorentz invariance [4]. Hence, the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment is consistent with Galilean invariance of the scales of length and time. In [5] the following interpretation of the dynamics of electron in the electric field is given. The mass of the electron is invariant while the energy of interaction of electron and electric field decreases with the Lorentz factor.
In conclusion, an interpretation of special relativity is considered in which the scales of length, time and mass are Galilean invariant while the electromagnetic energy are not.

GENERALIZATION OF CONCEPTION OF MEASUREMENT TO SPACE-TIME WITH ARBITRARY METRICS AND COVARIANT ETHER THEORIES, Alexander L. Kholmetskii

Analyzing a conception of measurement in space-time, we derive some general properties of ether theories, which adopt the Minkowskian metrics for an absolute space.

Mössbauer experiments in rotating systems re-analyzed, A. L. Kholmetskii, T. Yarman, O. V. Missevitch

In this paper we re-analyze the known Mossbauer experiments in rotating systems, and first of all, the experiment by Kündig (Phys. Rev. 129 (1963) 2371). We show that a correct processing of experimental data obtained by Kündig gives a relative energy shift  of the absorption line different from the value of classically assumed relativistic time dilation for rotating resonant absorber. Namely, instead of the relative energy shift  reported by Kündig (v being the linear velocity of absorber, and c is the light velocity in vacuum), we derive from his results . We incline to think that the revealed deviation of  from relativistic prediction cannot be explained by any instrumental error and thus represents a physical effect. In particular, we assume that the energy shift of absorption resonant line is induced not only by the standard time dilation effect, but some additional effect missed to the moment. Perhaps, such an effect appears, if we adopt that not only relativistic change of mass, but also its change due to a variation of binding energy of system, is accompanied by corresponding change of the time rate. The idea of a new experiment on this subject, which is now under preparation, is described.

Can clocks tell time?, A. F. Kracklauer

At past PIRT conferences, and elsewhere, I have asserted, that the usual arguments for time dilation, i.e., the twin paradox, contain an oversight that annihilates their conclusion. Inevitably, this has provoked the question: 'how then is the extension of the decay time of moving muons to be understood?'
My response, that this effect can be understood as an effect of space-time perspective, was heard only with skepticism? And, indeed, my own researches into just how this effect can be understood better has led me to a more inclusive viewpoint, namely: while there is no such thing as kinematical time-dilation, there are obviously dynamical effects that objectively slow individual physical processes, e.g., pendulums depend on altitude, biological decay depends on temperature (e.g., in refrigerators). Perspective alone cannot account for everything.
These local modifications of the tempo¹ of processes, conned within a subunit of the universe, however, cannot be designated time dilation, anymore that can use of a refrigerator be considered to dilate time for the universe. 'Tempo' must be distinguished from an unalterable 'time,' in that the latter is given by the variable conjugate to the Hamiltonian of the universe and, therefore, unalterable from within the universe; whereas, the flow of sub-processes, or the rate of changes of state (tempo), in sub-volumes of the universe, can be altered at the expense of other portions of the universe. To say that time itself is dilated, would be to say that the flow of all processes in the whole universe has been slowed. Obviously, in this light, clocks tell tempo only of their own inner workings, i.e., for localized processes, as affected by local conditions (potentials) and cannot take account of the whole universe; they do not, therefore, tell 'time' per se.
Muons, however, are thought to be decoupled from all external interaction; thus, they are said to spontaneously decay, without external triggering input.
However, it is a common insight from Quantum Electrodynamics, that so called 'spontaneous decay' can be seen actually as decay stimulated by a vacuum mode.
From this viewpoint, then, acceleration through the vacuum can be taken as a dynamical undertaking doing work on the inner processes of muons, which alters their tempo, analogous to extending biological decay in refrigerators.
This effect, then, in addition to determination of an anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background, provides a physical and operationally practical means of distinguishing a privileged frame, namely that one in which muons have the shortest decaytime. As such, it provides additional support for a Lorentzian viewpoint on Special Relativity.

¹This term is taken from music, where it is instinctively recognized that the rapidity of the flow of a piece of music is gauged in terms of an unalterable, external and universal time flow.

On microscopic interpretation of the phenomena predicted by the formalism of general relativity, Volodymyr Krasnoholovets

The main macroscopic phenomena predicted by general relativity (the motion of Mercury’s perihelion, the bending of light in the vicinity of the sun, and the gravitational red shift of spectral lines) are studied in the framework of the sub microscopic concept that has recently been developed by the author. The concept is based on the dynamic inerton field that is induced by an object in the surrounding space considered as a tessellation lattice of primary balls (superparticles) of Nature. Submicroscopic mechanics says that the gravitational interaction between objects must consist of two terms: (i) the radial inerton interaction between two masses M and m, which results in classical Newton’s gravitational law , and (ii) the tangential inerton interaction between the masses, which is caused by the tangential component of the motion of the test mass m and which is characterized by the correction . It is shown it is precisely this correction that is responsible for the three aforementioned macroscopic phenomena and the derived equations exactly coincide with those derived in the framework of the formalism of general relativity, which means that the latter must be reinterpreted as follow: the gravitational field of the resting central mass is flat, but the emergence of a test mass disturbs the field and its distribution exactly looks like the Schwarzschild metric prescribes.

Einstein’s Requirement for Weak Gravity versus Einstein’s Covariance Principle, C.Y. Lo

Due to Einstein’s “covariance principle”, Einstein’s requirement for weak gravity has not been universally accepted although many believe in both his requirement and principle. For example, Bondi, Pirani, & Robinson rejected Einstein’s requirement since they considered their unbounded metric as a weak wave. However, validity of this “wave” actually has not been established since the related metric for no gravity clearly violates the principle of causality. Some theorists rejected Einstein’s requirement for being coordinate-dependent because they do not understand that it is based on the principle of causality. However, based on Einstein‘s equivalence principle and related Einstein-Minkowski condition, such a coordinate-dependence is solved. Validity of this principle and condition are illustrated with the metric of Einstein’s rotating disk. Concurrently, Einstein’s requirement is proven valid. Moreover, invalidity of Einstein’s “covariance principle” is illustrated with a counter example.

ANOTHER THEORY OF GRAVITATION, Francis Mathe

 For several centuries, Galileo and Eötvös have shown in experiments the equality of the gravitational mass and the inertial mass. Einstein has deduced from this equality the equivalence principle but there exist other possible ways.
The reason of the equality of the gravitational mass and the inertial mass could be much deeper. To show it, we consider a particle of test P of inertial mass m and gravitational mass M in a Newtonian gravitational field U. If the ratio K=M/m is variable then the mass M is a function of U. Consequently the internal energy of the particle E=Mc² depends on U. However a variation of E implies a correlated variation of the elementary charge and constant of fine structure. But the existence of a stable universe allowing the construction of complex and durable systems claims, on the contrary, that these quantities remain constant, therefore it is not need to resort to the principle of equivalence.
The theory developed in this paper makes the distinction between inertial field and gravitational field but with K=1. As the RG it explains the advance of the Mercury perihelion, the deviation of the light by the Sun and the Mössbauer effect.

The Electromagnetic Space-Time-Aether Under the Claim for Minimum Contradictions, A.A. Nassikas

Purpose of this paper is to describe the electromagnetic dimension of Ether through an (em) Hypothetical Measuring Field-. The (em) space-time together with the gravitational (g) one can describe the Ether as a whole  under a minimum contradictions point of view.

Continuum Theory: What can continuum theory do that general relativity cannot?, Miles F. Osmaston

When asked in a recent conversation whether anyone had tried to recast Maxwell’s equations for the nature of transverse electromagnetic waves (TEMwaves) in a form that, to accord with the precepts of Relativity, avoided reliance upon an aether, the reply of a physics academic was in the negative, physicists having treated the matter ‘in a relaxed manner’, but that this didn’t seem to have been serious. This talk, after a brief intoduction to Continuum Theory (CT), contends that such neglect under the GR banner has actually been highly detrimental for scientific progress, especially at large scales, in that it has fostered the introduction of unnecessary and intangible concepts; the BigBang, CDM and dark energy among them. We will then outline some of the advances apparently to be made under CT, which has no need of these complications.

A bimetric model of the Universe, Jean-Pierre Petit & Gilles d’Agostini

Interpretation of the cosmic acceleration. In early time a symmetry breaking goes with a variable speed of light era, explaining the homogeneity of the early Universe. The c(R) law is derived from a generalized gauge process evolution.
The universe, far from being homogenous, expands in large empty bubbles of large-scale structure, but not in mass concentrations like galaxies, so that the Robertson-Walker solution does not fit. We suggest that a symmetry breaking occurred in a distant past, during the radiation-dominated era. Before, the three-dimensional hypersurface was invariant under the action of O(3) and the Robertson-Walker solution could be used. But this obliges the so called constants of physics, length and time scale factors, to be involved through a generalized gauge process, which is thus built. The subsequent variation of the speed of light solves the horizon problem, while the Planck barrier disappears.

Perturbations and conservation laws for them on arbitrary vacuum backgrounds in metric theories of gravity, A.N. Petrov

In two last decades, numerous multidimensional generalizations of general relativity (GR) are developed very intensively. Definitions and interpretation of conserved quantities for perturbations in such theories acquire an important significance. In the framework  of the D-dimensional metric theories (D > 4), including Lovelock and  Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) gravity we construct covariant conserved quantities for perturbations on a background of arbitrary curved vacuum solutions of this theory. The construction is carried out in three independent directions, which have been well developed in the framework of the usual 4-dimensional GR. The first one has an origin in the Weinberg construction generalized by Abbott and Deser [1]; Grishchuk, Petrov and Popova [2]; Deser and Dekin [3]; Petrov [4]. The second takes the beginning from the Einstein and von Freud canonical approach generalized by Katz, Bicak and Lynden-Bell [5]. The third develops the Belinfante method adopted by Papapetrou to GR and generalized later by Petrov and Katz [6]. The formulae obtained by an each of the three above methods are tested to calculate the mass of the Schwarzschild-anti-de Sitter (S-AdS) black hole solution in the EGB gravity in two cases as follows. The first case is when a background is chosen as a non-degenerated AdS solution  for D > 4; the second one corresponds to a vacuum background chosen as “mass gap”, which is a basic (null mass) state for the 5-dimensional S-AdS black hole in EGB gravity and which (unlike AdS) is not a spacetime of the maximum symmetry. All the three approaches give the same results in an each of these two cases, which are also in a convenience with known results other authors. Degenerated AdS backgrounds in EGB gravity are discussed.

Expanding or Non-Expanding Universe, Walter Petry

The observed redshift of galaxies in the universe is generally interpreted as expansion of space. In a previous paper the author has given an other interpretation. It has been proved that the proper time is not absolute but the so called observer’s time corresponding to the proper time at present is absolute. This gives the observed redshift of galaxies. In this preprint several results of an expanding and a non-expanding universe are compared with one another. There exists no definite answer whether the universe expands or not. Einstein’s theory suggests an expanding space and flat space-time theory of gravitation suggests a non-expanding space.

The Pioneer Anomaly, or a ‘Dissident’ Perspective on Modern Physics, Viv Pope

This paper is a critique of the present state of Theoretical Physics and its flagrant departure from the constraints of commonsense logic. As a contrast to this, an example is provided of a simple, unified, solution of two allegedly separate physical anomalies which have so far defeated every attempt at explanation in terms of standard orthodox Physics. This is to the extent that a NASA spokesman has said that in  order to explain these anomalies, a whole ‘new physics’ might have to be contemplated.
These anomalies are the well-documented ‘Pioneer anomaly’ and the ‘Missing Mass anomaly’. This paper counters conventional attempts at explanation in terms of intellectually elevated theories such as, for instance, those of  ‘cosmological expansion’, ‘dark matter’, ‘deviations from Einsteinian gravity’ and so on. It also questions the Newtonian concept of  an in vacuo ‘gravitational force’.

Relativistic Physics in Complex Minkowski Space, Nonlocality, Ether Model and Quantum Physics, E.A. Rauscher, R.L. Amoroso

Many naturally occurring phenomena require theoretical treatment utilizing complex analysis by methods such as the Cauchy-Riemann relations using hyper-geometrical spaces which treat inherently nonlinear, non-dispersive, collective nonlocal resonant states of a quantum system, so as to be consistent with the nonlinearity inherent in General Relativity. Typical quantum approaches form linear approximations limiting the ability to formulate a quantum consistent Relativity Theory. The fundamental nature of remote connectedness is exemplified by Young’s double slit experiment, Bell’s Theorem, nonlocality, Mach’s Principle  and operation of a Foucault pendulum, which may imply the existence of an aether. We demonstrate that a geometric aether is not precluded by the structure of Relativity, although Einstein excluded a fixed reference aether frame. In fact, certain observable phenomena, such as Mach’s Principle, Bell’s Theorem and Young’s double-slit experiment imply the existence of a fixed geometric spacetime aether. A basic tenet of this aether is the quantum principle of nonlocality understood in terms of the soliton-solitary wave solutions of the Schrödinger equation solved in complex relativistic Minkowski space. Formulation of the complex modified relativistic multidimensional aether allows us to understand the fundamental nature and mechanism of nonlocality allowing experimental designs to further evaluate the properties of nonlocal coherent collective phenomena. The structure of quantum theory using the Schrödinger equation, covariant Dirac equation and sine-Gordon equation are solved in a complex hyper-eight dimensional relativistic geometric space. The symmetry of this space possesses relativistic Lorentz invariance for nonlinear hyper-dimensional geometry, nonlocality, and nonlinear coherent states which are expanded in terms of quantum soliton solutions.

What is vacuum?, Peter Rowlands

Vacuum has been used in QFT without a complete understanding of what it is, why it is necessary, and how it should be described mathematically. Answering these questions gives us major leads into many significant aspects of QM and particle physics. But the structure it reveals is also a generic one, not confined to fundamental physics, and has applications to all systems governed by holistic principles.

Twin Paradox of Special Relativity, Sankar Hajra

Lorentz Transformation Equations (LTE)  predict  that if an electric dipole stationary in the free space  oscillates  times/sec, then the same dipole must oscillate   times/sec when  it moves with a velocity u in that space. Curiously, the same equations also predict that even if the dipole is at rest in the free space and the measuring apparatus moves with the same opposite velocity, then too, the apparatus will  record that the dipole is oscillating   times/sec. Classical physics does not accept it. In fact, LTE themselves are not at all acceptable from the consideration of classical physics (as real physical equations) …

Manifest Non-Locality of Bound Electromagnetic Fields in Near Zone of Radiating Sources: Experimental Observation, A.L. Kholmetskii, O.V. Missevitch, R. Smirnov-Rueda

As the central concept of genuine relativistic field theories, locality is referred as impossibility of superluminal causal propagation. The creation of Quantum Mechanics (QM) and its further development led to Bell’s theorem which in the most general form sorted out QM predictions of strong correlations between space-like separated systems from probabilities of measurement outcomes calculated on the basis of local realism admitted by EPR.
Various versions of EPR-type experiments gave overwhelming support to orthodox QM predictions in detriment of local realism, casting doubts on the relativistic locality as universal physical concept.  Since then common view has it that the quantum realm involves some type of misterious non-locality because it has no analogy in the classical worldview. Additionally, recent QED-based studies of so-called evanescent modes (identified with virtual photons) gave clear indications on quantum non-locality as a tunneling effect which seems to be at odds with relativistic causality.
As response to the above-mentioned controversy on non-locality we propose a novel approach which concerns only classical relativistic field theory. We found that the actual experimental verification of the standard locality (causality) within domains of classical electromagnetism is essentially incomplete since it does not take into account the internal structure of EM field as a superposition of bound and radiation components. In fact, it does not provide any explicit information on propagation properties of bound EM fields that are dominant in the near zone of radiating EM sources.
Any ideally rigorous test of causal behavior of the whole EM field within the framework of classical electromagnetism must be based on individual (separate) test for bound and radiation components so that we made a clear distinction between the near and the far zones (where bound and radiation fields are prevailing, respectively). As a consequence, we proposed and implemented direct experimental procedure for correct identification of propagation characteristics of bound EM fields of radiating sources (antennas etc). Measurements^1,2 were carried out in two different configurations between emitting and receiving antenna at UHF 125 MHz (2.5 m EM radiation wave-length) clearly showing that the propagation rate of classical bound EM fields highly exceeds the velocity of light in the near zone (up to 60 cm). Interestingly, their propagation speed tends to c in far zone. This fact might indicate on a possible limit of applicability of the standard locality concept on semi-classical level, i.e. within transition from QM to classical phenomena.

SPAVIERI PAPER 2008.pdf

Momentum of electromagnetic fields and new tests of fundamental physics, G. Spavieri, J. Erazo, A. Sanchez, and G. T. Gillies

The momentum of the electromagnetic (em) fields P_e appears in several areas of modern physics. In both the equations for matter and light wave propagation P_e represents the relevant em interaction. As an application of wave propagation properties, a first order optical experiment which tests the speed of light in moving rarefied gases is presented. We recall that P_e is also the link to the unitary vision of the quantum effects of the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) type and that, besides the traditional classical approaches to the limit of the photon mass mph, effects of the AB type provide a powerful quantum approach for the limit of m_ph. Table-top experiments based on a new effect of the AB type, together with the scalar AB effect, yield the limit m_ph = 9,4×10^–52 g, a value that improves upon the results achieved with other approaches.

From local to global relativity, Tuomo Suntola

Newtonian physics is local by its nature. No local frame is in a special position in space. There are no overall limits to space or to physical quantities. Newtonian space is Euclidean until infinity, and velocities in space grow linearly as long as there is constant force acting on an object. Finiteness of physical quantities was observed for about 100 years ago – first as finiteness of velocities.
The theory of relativity introduces a mathematical structure for the description of the finiteness of velocities by modifying the coordinate quantities, time and distance for making the velocity of light appear as the maximum velocity in space and an invariant for the observer. Like in Newtonian physics, no local frame, or inertial observer, is in a special position in space. Friedman-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metrics derived from the general theory of relativity predicts finiteness of space if a critical mass density in space is reached or exceeded.
In the Dynamic Universe approach space is described as the three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional sphere. Finiteness of physical quantities in DU space comes from the finiteness of total energy in space — finiteness of velocities is a consequence of the zero-energy balance, which does not allow velocities higher than the velocity of space in the fourth dimension. The velocity of space in the fourth dimension is determined by the zero-energy balance of motion and gravitation of whole space and it serves as the reference for all velocities in space. Relativity in DU space means relativity of local to the whole — relativity is a measure of locally available share of the primary rest energy, the rest energy of the object in hypothetical homogeneous space. Atomic clocks in fast motion or in high gravitational field do not lose time because of slower flow of time but because part of their energy is bound into interactions in space. There is no space-time linkage in the Dynamic Universe; time is universal and the fourth dimension is metric by its nature. Local state of rest in DU space is the zero-momentum state in a local energy frame which is linked to hypothetical homogeneous space via a chain of nested energy frames.
Predictions for local phenomena in DU space are essentially the same as the corresponding predictions given by special and general theories of relativity. At extremes, at cosmological distances and in the vicinity of local singularities differences in the predictions become meaningful. Reasons for the differences can be traced back to the differences in the basic assumptions and in the structures of the two approaches.

Relativity in Terms of Measurement and Ether – Lajos Jánosssy’s Ether-Based Reformulation of Relativity Theory, László Székely

In his monograph Theory of Relativity Based on Physical Reality, Hungarian physicist Lajos Jánossy develops the complete Einsteinian formalism of relativity theory by analysing the process of measurement, the systems of measures created in this process and experimental data expressed in terms of measures. He demonstrates that based on a simple principle (which he calls the Lorentz principle) and its generalization the whole formalism of the original theory may be developed in conformity with the notions of common sense without mathematizing physical reality, so that the new way of development is of the same heuristic power as the original one. His analysis makes it clear that the allegedly revolutionary new notions of space and time follows not from physical experiences but from Einstein’s positivist philosophical commitments. Having established the place and role of a privileged (but not absolute) reference system, at the second level of his theory Jánossy connects this system to the carrier of electromagnetic phenomena which he also assumes to be the carrier of the gravitational and other physical fields. Although he uses the term ‘ether’, he explicitly rejects the old theories of this entity and attributes to it dynamic properties. In the last section of the paper Einstein’s and Jánossy’s ether concepts are compared and it is argued that despite the parallelism between the two concepts, from Jánossy’s point of view Einstein’s ether is too mathematical to cure the inverted relation between mathematics and physics characteristic for Einstein’s relativity.

Any Important  Consequencies of the Classicall and Generalized Linear Transformations Between Inertial Systems, H. L. Szöcs

From 2 axioms (also the existence of one limit velocity and the commutativity of low of sum of velocities) we deduce the generalized linear transformations (which for any constrains contain the Lorentz-Einstein and so the Galilei-Newton transformations) without using the relativity principle of Einstein.
Consequence I. The contraction of bars as well shortening of distances and the  dilation of durations are subject of many discussions; so, in conformity to the oppinion of any authors  the cause of contraction of lenghts can be any internal , also molecular forces inside of bodies and others. But, our question is: what do have these two problems, also the special relativity theory with the internal forces?
In the followings we prove and explain that this phenomenon is only an appearance as well relative and not one real phenomenon., being a conseqency of relative motion of two coordonate systems. And Consequencies II referring to the generalized linear transformations.

SUBMICROSCOPIC BLACK HOLES AS MAGNETIC MONOPOLES AND DYONS IN SPACE-TIME, H. L. Szöcs

The paper presents the main results of the investigation of the author of different physical characteristics of the particlelike magnetic charge:the magnetic monopole.Considering monopoles as submicroscopic black-holes and using the curved space-time metric type Reissner-Nordström and the generalised Reissner-Nordström-Weyl metric,the radius,the mean density of Dirac's magnetic monopole and dyon and the ratio of radii of electron and monopole is evaluated and also the stability is studyied.

A NEW RELATIVISTIC FIELD THEORY OF THE ELECTRON, H. Torres-Silva

In this paper, we present a new General Relativistic Field Theory for the electron, obtaining the Dirac equation from electromagnetic fields with the electric field parallel to the magnetic field. Within of general relativity the main hypothesis is that the chiral electromagnetic tensor embrace the Dirac theory and the Maxwell-Lorentz theory as of two special cases respectively. We concern ourselves with the consistency and compatibility among those conditions under which the fundamental equations are reduced to the Dirac equation and the Maxwell-Lorentz equations. We expect that the present investigation will shed some light on those perplexing difficulties which we encounter in comprehending the behavior of an electron solely according to the Dirac equation and the Maxwell-Lorentz equations. Beyond this, we have a goal to investigate the possibility that other elementary particles are governed by the same fundamental equations under varied restrictive conditions.

Realization of Elementary Matter in Self-Replicating Regular Solid Rewrite, Erik Trell

The Nilpotent Universal Computer Rewrite System (NUCRS) has operationalized the radical ontological dilemma of Nothing Whatsoever versus Anything at All down to the principal recursive syntax and primary mathematical realisation of this categorical dichotomy as such and so governing all its sui generis modalities, leading to fulfillment of their individual terms and compass when the respective choice sequence processing is brought to closure. In the distinct morphogenetical modality of structural Physics, NUCRS thus provides an algorithm for direct quantum holographic replication of the entire elementary particle spectroscopy with the perfect straight line as singular eigenvector unfolding along the NUCRS concatenations in the form of the classical regular solids and their differentials into maximally three-dimensional ordinary space and matter, where Lie algebra SO(3)×O(5) transformation dynamics is also immanent by adjoined Aristotelian phase transition between absolute Straight and Round. More specifically, the ground line element thereby spans a real three-dimensional eigenspace with cubical eigenunits, or ‘pixels’ (“cuBits”), where geometrically quark-skewed quantum-chromodynamical particle events self-generate in an exhaustive range of transition matrix elements and portions adapting to the spherical root vector symmetries and so reproducing  all observed baryons, mesons and leptons and their exact channels, masses and electromagnetical and angular quantum numbers, including a modular, truncated octahedron  nano-distribution of  the  electrons  which   piecemeal enter into molecular  structures or compressed to each other  fuse into atomic honeycombs of  periodic table  signature. These honeycombs, in turn, template the ensuing self-similar superpositioning up to the complete orbital filling in the volumetric expansion of the separate Atoms, even including rare “designer atomic nuclei” isotopes like ¹¹Li,  delocalization processes such as K-shell hole ionization, and diatomic as well as larger inorganic molecules. The one-, two- or three-dimensional further geodetical iteration of the rendered motif determines its gaseous, fluid or firm state, over which the regular solids and their  symmetries  hence  continue  to prevail in corresponding hierarchical levels   of   exponentially   volume-duplicating   “self-assembly   at   all  scales”.

Pieces of Eight: Algebra of a Three-fold Symmetry for Fundamental Physics, John Valentine

Three fundamental properties are used as independent bases that describe an ‘absolute symmetry space’, in which bosonic matter is represented as composite modal waves in the properties, with the latent environment (nonconserved states) providing opportunities for unsynchronized or nonlocal states to interact. Quark matter is represented as conserved solution events. To represent physicality, a ‘general exclusion principle’, based on a requirement for continuity and non-ambiguity at events, implies a necessarily latent framework in non-conserved energy states for larger groups, which also generates potential fields. The representative number types are determined by the position of state vectors in symmetry space, and the given interaction algebra leads naturally to symmetric conservation and group theory. Approaches to useful unifications are suggested, and some interpretations are offered in terms of this representation for the fundamental or derived nature of the energy states and processes known to physics, including correlations with – and additions to – the Standard Model.

THE EINSTEIN MYTH & THE CRISIS IN MODERN PHYSICS, F. Winterberg

Modern physics consists of two paradigms and one myth: The theory of relativity, quantum theory and the Einstein myth. While both, the special theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, are confirmed by a very large body of experimental facts, this cannot be said about the general theory of relativity. But it is the general theory of relativity and gravitation which has created the Einstein myth through the fascination of the non-Euclidean geometry adopted by Albert Einstein from his German landsman Bernhard Riemann. A possible alternative described, by a non-Archimedean geometry can instead be contemplated.

Just like the gravitational field, the electric field too, slows down a clock, interacting with it: A WHOLE NEW APPROACH TO THE BOUND MUON DECAY RETARDATION, Tolga Yarman and Alexander L. Kholmetskii

We show that, just like the gravitational field, the electric field too slows down the internal mechanism of a clock, which interacts with the field. This approach explains substantially, the retardation of the decay of the muon, bound to a nucleus.

THE SPATIAL BEHAVIOR OF COULOMB AND NEWTON FORCES, YET REIGNING BETWEEN EXCLUSIVELY STATIC CHARGES, IS THE SAME MUST, DRAWN BY THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY, Tolga Yarman

The compatibility of Coulomb Force with the special theory of relativity (STR), is a well know fact. But, any compatibility is not a must. Thus, the following question arises: Would there a more fundamental level, shaping the known structure of Coulomb Force, perhaps based on the foundations of the STR? Yes, indeed: It is that electric charges are Lorentz invariant, just like the speed of light, is. What seems so far ignored is the following. Not only that the constancy of the speed of light is, an empirical evidence, but the Lorentz invariance of electric charges, is too. These two facts do not seem to imply each other. Thus, both of them (as well as, perhaps the Lorenz invariance of similar entities, such as nuclear charges), must be considered concomitantly, in order to insure the Galilean principle of relativity with respect to all inertial frames of reference, which is in effect, the underlying postulate of the STR. Actually the constancy of the speed of light, does not appear to insure all alone, the validity of this principle, and this is why, exactly, Einstein cared to state the second postulate of the STR (regarding the sameness of the laws of nature with regards to all inertial frames of reference), although he did not make any use of it, throughout. Once we have the two evidences of concern (i.e. the Lorentz invariance of electric charges and that of the speed of light), then we can right away, mathematically derive the known Coulomb Force, though reigning between two static charges, exclusively. By the same token, the spatial dependency of Newton Force too, regarding two static masses, becomes a mathematical requirement based on  the STR, which seems to be something totally overlooked. So, both forces (still reigning between static, respectively, electric and gravitational charges only), are fundamental laws of nature, essentially imposed by the Galilean principle of relativity. In a subsequent article, however, we will show that, quite on the contrary to the general wisdom, neither Coulomb Force, nor Newton Force holds, if the – electric or gravitational – test charge in consideration, is in motion (the source charge being as usual, considered at rest, throughout). We show that, assuming the opposite (i.e. asserting that Coulomb Force, or Newton Force holds if the test charge, is in motion), constitutes a clear violation of the law of conservation of energy. Our approach removes the blockade toward a unification of fields, and the quantization of the gravitational field (hindered by the general theory of relativity).